How Spain's memory of Iraq shaped Sanchez's response to war on Iran

Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez has taken a firm "No to the war" stance regarding a US-Israeli conflict with Iran, explicitly linking his position to the country's negative experience with the 2003 Iraq War. He has warned that the "nightmare of Iraq" could repeat itself and has taken concrete actions, such as closing Spanish airspace to US military aircraft involved in the attacks. This policy, which contrasts with the initial response of other European nations, is reportedly beginning to gain traction on the continent. The historical opposition to the Iraq invasion remains a powerful force in Spanish politics and continues to shape its foreign policy on military interventions.