Converting History into Hard Power: A Polish-German Reckoning

Unresolved historical grievances over World War II are creating a strategic problem in the Polish-German relationship. As Germany re-arms and American engagement in Europe wanes, a majority of Poles believe Germany has not made amends, fueling distrust of Berlin's leadership aspirations. This perception is rooted in a long history of German coercion and aggression, which culminated in the near-total destruction of Poland. The author argues for an urgent political solution, suggesting Germany could convert its historical responsibility into long-term financing for Poland's defense capabilities to build trust and strengthen European cohesion.